Internet
The Internet is a global network that links the World Wide Web and billions of computers worldwide to one another. It connects billions of computer users worldwide via the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). Optical fiber cables and other wireless and networking technologies are used in its setup. The fastest method for communicating or exchanging data across computers worldwide right now is the Internet.
How Does the Internet Work Step by Step?
Step 1
A modem or router connects your computer or other device to the internet. You can connect to different networks all across the world with the help of these gadgets. While a modem connects to your Internet Service Provider (ISP), which offers you cable or DSL internet, your router allows many computers to join the same network.
Step 2
Enter a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), or web address. Every website has a distinct URL that lets your ISP know where you want to go.
Step 3
Your ISP receives your query and connects to a number of servers, including a DNS (Domain Name Server) and a NAP Server (Network Access Protection) that store and transmit data. Subsequently, your browser uses DNS to find the IP address associated with the domain name you entered into your search engine.
After that, DNS converts the text-based domain name you enter into the browser into an IP address with numbers. Google.com, for instance, changes to 64.233.191.255.
Step 4
To deliver a copy of the website to the client over TCP/IP, your browser makes a request via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to the target server.
Step 5
After approving the request, the server notifies your computer with a "200 OK" response. Next, the browser receives webpage files from the server.
Connection-Oriented Networks
A connection-oriented service in networking creates a specific, dependable connection between sender and recipient prior to data transmission, guaranteeing an orderly and error-free delivery.
A packet-mode virtual circuit connection or a circuit-switched connection can be used to implement connection-oriented communication. In the latter scenario, data can be sent sequentially through the use of a transport layer virtual circuit protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) protocol.
Virtual Circuit
By creating a virtual circuit or link between the sender and the recipient, connection-oriented services enable packets to go across the network in the same direction.
Creation of a Relationship
A three-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK) is frequently used to establish a connection between the sender and the recipient prior to data delivery.
Applications
File transfer (FTP), web browsing (HTTP), and remote login (SSH) are a few examples of applications that frequently use connection-oriented services since they demand dependable and organized data transport.
Reliable Data Transfer
After establishing a connection, data is sent in a way that guarantees packets arrive in the right order and are free from loss or corruption.
X.25 Protocol
The ITU-T standard protocol suite X.25 is used in wide area networks (WAN) for packet-switched data transfer. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) created it. X.25's main goal is to offer an interface for tying together public data networks. It outlines the steps and protocols needed to create, preserve, and break a connection as well as move data and network traffic.
The background of X.25
X.25 was first developed in the 1970s with the intention of being utilized over analog telephone systems. The digital revolution was just getting started at the time. By encapsulating data in packets before transmission, X.25 was one of the first protocols to provide end-to-end connection.
Even with the introduction of more sophisticated technologies like Frame Relay, ATM, and more recently MPLS, X.25 has held its own, especially in sectors where dependability is more important than speed.
Frame Relay
One way to define frame relay is as a packet-switched protocol. Through a virtual circuit, it permits communication between end stations on a network. Wide area networks, where data packets are transmitted from one location to another over a virtual path, frequently use this type of communication.
The operation of a frame relay
Before being sent across the network, data must be encapsulated into frames in order for a frame relay to function. The quick packet-switching technology is used to relay these frames from the source to the destination. In order to sustain fast speeds, the network depends on the endpoints to guarantee data integrity.
Frame relay types
The Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) and the Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) are the two main kinds of frame relay arrangements.
Virtual Circuit Switched (SVC):
Temporary connections known as SVCs are employed for intermittent data transfers. They are started when necessary and stopped when the data transfer is finished.
Virtual Circuit Permanent (PVC):
As the name implies, PVCs are long-lasting connections made between two network nodes. They guarantee continuous availability by staying operational irrespective of data transport.
